1. Shandisa kupatsanura

Zvichienderana nekushandiswa kwakasiyana kwemapurasitiki akasiyana-siyana, mapurasitiki anowanzo kamurwa kuita mhando nhatu: mapurasitiki akajairika, mapurasitiki einjiniya uye mapurasitiki akakosha.

①Purasitiki yakajairika

Kazhinji zvinoreva mapurasitiki ane simba guru, anoshandiswa zvakanyanya, anogona kugadzirwa zvakanaka uye mutengo wakaderera. Kune mhando shanu dzemapurasitiki akajairika, anoti polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS) uye acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS). Mhando shanu idzi dzemapurasitiki dzinoumba huwandu hwakawanda hwezvinhu zvepurasitiki, uye zvimwe zvinogona kupatsanurwa mumhando dzepurasitiki dzakasarudzika, dzakadai se: PPS, PPO, PA, PC, POM, nezvimwewo, hadzishandiswi zvakanyanya muzvigadzirwa zvezuva nezuva, kunyanya. Inoshandiswa muminda yepamusoro senge indasitiri yeinjiniya netekinoroji yekudzivirira nyika, senge mota, ndege, kuvaka, uye kutaurirana. Zvichienderana nerudzi rwayo rwepurasitiki, mapurasitiki anogona kukamurwa kuita mapurasitiki ethermosetting uye thermosetting. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa, zvigadzirwa zvethermoplastic zvinogona kudzokororwa, nepo mapurasitiki ethermosetting asingakwanise. Zvichienderana nehunhu hwemapurasitiki, anogona kukamurwa kuita zvinhu zvinopenya, zvinopenya uye zvisingaonekwe, zvakaita sePS, PMMA, AS, PC, nezvimwewo, izvo zviri mapurasitiki anopenya, uye mamwe mapurasitiki mazhinji mapurasitiki asingaonekwe.

Hunhu uye mashandisirwo emapurasitiki anoshandiswa zvakanyanya:

1. Polyethylene:

Polyethylene inowanzoshandiswa inogona kukamurwa kuita low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE) uye linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE). Pakati pezvinhu zvitatu izvi, HDPE ine hunhu huri nani hwekupisa, hwemagetsi uye hwemakanika, nepo LDPE neLLDPE zvine hunhu huri nani hwekuchinja, hunhu hweimpact, hunhu hwekugadzira firimu, nezvimwewo. LDPE neLLDPE zvinonyanya kushandiswa mumafirimu ekurongedza, mafirimu ekurima, kugadziriswa kwepurasitiki, nezvimwewo, nepo HDPE ine mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana, akadai semafirimu, mapaipi, uye zvinodiwa zvezuva nezuva zvejekiseni.

2. Polypropylene:

Panyaya iyi, polypropylene ine mhando dzakawanda, mashandisirwo akaomarara, uye minda yakasiyana-siyana. Mhando dzacho dzinosanganisira homopolymer polypropylene (homopp), block copolymer polypropylene (copp) uye random copolymer polypropylene (rapp). Zvinoenderana nekushandiswa kwayo, Homopolymerization inonyanya kushandiswa muminda yekudhirowa waya, fiber, injection, BOPP film, nezvimwewo. Copolymer polypropylene inonyanya kushandiswa mumidziyo yemumba injection parts, modified raw materials, daily injection products, pipes, nezvimwewo, uye random polypropylene inonyanya kushandiswa mu transparent Products, high-performance products, high-performance pipes, nezvimwewo.

3. Polyvinyl chloride:

Nekuda kwemutengo wayo wakaderera uye hunhu hwayo hwekudzima moto, ine mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana mumunda wekuvaka, kunyanya pamapombi etsvina, magonhi nemahwindo esimbi epurasitiki, maplate, dehwe rekugadzira, nezvimwewo.

4. Polystyrene:

Semhando yezvinhu zvinoonekera, kana paine chikonzero chekujekesa, ine mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana, akadai semarambi emotokari, zvikamu zvinoonekera zuva nezuva, makapu anoonekera, magaba, nezvimwewo.

5. ABS:

Ipurasitiki yeinjiniya inoshandiswa zvakasiyana-siyana ine hunhu hwakanaka hwemakanika uye kupisa. Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumidziyo yemumba, mapaneru, masiki, maassemblies, zvishongedzo, nezvimwewo, kunyanya midziyo yemumba, yakadai semichina yekuwachisa, maair conditioner, mafiriji, mafeni emagetsi, nezvimwewo. Yakakura zvikuru uye ine mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana mukugadzirisa mapurasitiki.

②Mapurasitiki einjiniya

Kazhinji zvinoreva mapurasitiki anogona kutsungirira simba rekunze, ane hunhu hwakanaka hwemakanika, anodzivirira kupisa kwakanyanya uye kwakaderera, uye ane kugadzikana kwakanaka kwehukuru, uye anogona kushandiswa sezvivakwa zveinjiniya, zvakaita sepolyamide nepolysulfone. Mumapurasitiki einjiniya, akakamurwa muzvikamu zviviri: mapurasitiki einjiniya akajairika uye mapurasitiki einjiniya akakosha. Mapurasitiki einjiniya anogona kusangana nezvinodiwa zvepamusoro maererano nehunhu hwemakanika, kugara kwenguva refu, kuramba ngura, uye kuramba kupisa, uye zviri nyore kugadzirisa uye zvinogona kutsiva zvinhu zvesimbi. Mapurasitiki einjiniya anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumagetsi nemagetsi, mota, kuvaka, midziyo yehofisi, michina, ndege uye mamwe maindasitiri. Kutsiva mapurasitiki nesimbi nepurasitiki nematanda kwave tsika yepasi rose.

Mapurasitiki einjiniya anosanganisira: polyamide, polyoxymethylene, polycarbonate, modified polyphenylene ether, thermoplastic polyester, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, methylpentene polymer, vinyl alcohol copolymer, nezvimwewo.

Mapurasitiki einjiniya akakosha akakamurwa kuita marudzi akabatana neasina kusanganiswa. Mhando dzakabatana ndeidzi: polyamino bismaleamide, polytriazine, polyimide yakabatana, epoxy resin inodzivirira kupisa nezvimwewo. Mhando dzisina kusanganiswa ndeidzi: polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyimide, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) nezvimwewo.

③Mapurasitiki akakosha

Kazhinji zvinoreva mapurasitiki ane mabasa akakosha uye anogona kushandiswa mumabasa akakosha akadai sendege nendege. Semuenzaniso, mapurasitiki efluoroplastics nemasilicones ane simba guru rekudzivirira kupisa, kuzvizora mafuta uye mamwe mabasa akakosha, uye mapurasitiki akasimbiswa nemapurasitiki ane furo ane hunhu hwakakosha senge simba guru uye kuturikira kwakakwirira. Mapurasitiki aya ari muchikamu chemapurasitiki akakosha.

a. Purasitiki yakasimbiswa:

Zvinhu zvepurasitiki zvakasimbiswa zvinogona kukamurwa kuita granular (senge calcium plastic reinforced plastic), faibha (senge glass fiber kana glass cloth reinforced plastic), uye flake (senge mica reinforced plastic) muchimiro. Zvichienderana nezvinhu izvi, zvinogona kukamurwa kuita mapurasitiki akasimbiswa akavakirwa pajira (senge rag reinforced plastics kana asbestos reinforced plastics), inorganic mineral filled plastics (senge quartz kana mica filled plastics), uye faibha reinforced plastics (senge carbon fiber reinforced plastics).

b. Furo:

Mapurasitiki efuro anogona kukamurwa kuita mhando nhatu: furo rakasimba, rakati twasu uye rakapfava. Furo rakasimba harina kuchinjika, uye kuomarara kwaro kwekudzvanya kwakakura kwazvo. Rinochinja chimiro chete kana rasvika pakumanikidzwa kwakati uye harigone kudzokera kumamiriro aro ekutanga mushure mekunge kushushikana kwapera. Furo rinochinjika rinochinjika, rine kuomarara kwakaderera, uye riri nyore kuchinja. Dzorera mamiriro ekutanga, kuchinjika kwasara kudiki; kuchinjika nezvimwe zvinhu zvefuro rakasimba zviri pakati pefuro rakasimba nerakapfava.

Chechipiri, kupatsanura muviri nemakemikari

Zvichienderana nehukuru hwakasiyana hwemapurasitiki akasiyana-siyana, mapurasitiki anogona kukamurwa kuita mhando mbiri: mapurasitiki ethermosetting uye mapurasitiki ethermoplastic.

(1) Thermoplastic

Thermoplastics (Thermo plastics): zvinoreva mapurasitiki anonyunguduka mushure mekudziya, anogona kuyerera achipinda muforoma mushure mekutonhora, uye ozonyunguduka mushure mekudziya; kupisa nekutonhodza zvinogona kushandiswa kugadzira shanduko dzinogadziriswa (mvura ←→yakasimba), hongu. Kuchinja kunonzi physical. Mathermoplastics anoshandiswa zvakanyanya ane tembiricha dzinogara dzichishandiswa pasi pe100°C. Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, uye polystyrene anonziwo mapurasitiki mana anoshandiswa zvakanyanya. Mapurasitiki eThermoplastic akakamurwa kuita mahydrocarbon, mavinyls ane polar genes, engineering, cellulose nedzimwe mhando. Anonyorova kana apiswa, uye anooma kana atonhodzwa. Anogona kunyoroveswa kakawanda uye kuomeswa uye kuchengetedza chimiro chakati. Anonyunguduka mune zvimwe zvinonyungudutsa uye ane hunhu hwekunyunguduka uye kunyunguduka. Mathermoplastics ane insulation yakanaka yemagetsi, kunyanya polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) ane dielectric constant loss yakaderera uye dielectric loss yakaderera. Kune zvinhu zvekudzivirira zve high frequency uye high voltage. Mapurasitiki eThermoplastic ari nyore kuumba nekugadzirisa, asi haapise kupisa zvakanyanya uye ari nyore kukambaira. Mwero wekukambaira unosiyana zvichienderana nemutoro, tembiricha yezvakatipoteredza, solvent, uye hunyoro. Kuti vakunde kusasimba uku kwethermoplastics uye vasangane nezvinodiwa zvekushandiswa muminda yetekinoroji yemuchadenga nekuvandudzwa kwesimba idzva, nyika dzese dziri kugadzira maresini anodzivirira kupisa anogona kunyungudutswa, akadai sepolyether ether ketone (PEEK) uye polyether sulfone (PES). , Polyarylsulfone (PASU), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), nezvimwewo. Zvinhu zvinosanganiswa zvinoshandisa iwo sematrix resin zvine hunhu hwepamusoro hwemakanika uye zvinodzivirira makemikari, zvinogona kupiswa uye kusungirirwa, uye zvine simba repakati pe interlaminar shear kupfuura epoxy resin. Semuenzaniso, kushandisa polyether ether ketone sematrix resin uye carbon fiber kugadzira zvinhu zvinosanganiswa, kuramba kuneta kunopfuura kwe epoxy/carbon fiber. Ine kuramba kwakanaka kwemhedzisiro, kuramba kwakanaka kwekukambaira patembiricha yemumba, uye kugona kushandiswa zvakanaka. Inogona kushandiswa nguva dzose pa240-270°C. Chinhu chakakodzera chekudzivirira kupisa kwakanyanya. Zvinhu zvakagadzirwa nepolyethersulfone se matrix resin ne carbon fiber zvine simba guru uye kuomarara pa 200°C, uye zvinogona kuramba zvichidzivirira kukuvadzwa zvakanaka pa -100°C; hazvina chepfu, hazvibati moto, hazvina utsi hwakawanda, uye hazvigoni kubatwa nemwaranzi. Zvinotarisirwa kuti zvishandiswe sechinhu chakakosha chemuchadenga, uye zvinogonawo kuumbwa kuita radome, nezvimwewo.

Mapurasitiki akabatana neFormaldehyde anosanganisira mapurasitiki ephenolic, mapurasitiki emaamino (akadai seurea-formaldehyde-melamine-formaldehyde, nezvimwewo). Mamwe mapurasitiki akabatana necross-linked anosanganisira mapolyester asina kuguta, maresini epoxy, uye maresini ephthalic diallyl.

(2) Plastic inogadzirisa thermosetting

Mapurasitiki ekuisa thermosetting anoreva mapurasitiki anogona kurapwa kana paine kupisa kana mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu kana ane hunhu husinganyungudike (kunyungudika), senge mapurasitiki ephenolic, mapurasitiki eepoxy, nezvimwewo. Mapurasitiki ekuisa thermosetting akakamurwa kuita formaldehyde cross-linked type nedzimwe mhando dzakasanganiswa. Mushure mekugadzirisa nekugadzira kupisa, chigadzirwa chinonyungudika uye chisinganyungudike chinogadzirwa, uye mamorekuru eresin anosanganiswa kuita network structure ne linear structure. Kuwedzera kupisa kunoora nekuparadza. Mapurasitiki ekuisa thermosetting akajairika anosanganisira phenolic, epoxy, amino, unsaturated polyester, furan, polysiloxane nezvimwe zvinhu, pamwe nemapurasitiki matsva epolydipropylene phthalate. Ane zvakanakira zvekudzivirira kupisa zvakanyanya uye kuramba deformation kana apiswa. Dambudziko nderekuti simba remuchina harisi rakawanda, asi simba remuchina rinogona kuvandudzwa nekuwedzera fillers kugadzira zvinhu zvakanyungudutswa kana zvinhu zvakaumbwa.

Mapurasitiki ethermosetting akagadzirwa nephenolic resin sechinhu chikuru chakabikwa, senge phenolic molded plastic (inozivikanwa seBakelite), anogara kwenguva refu, akasimba pachiyero, uye haasangani nemamwe makemikari kunze kwealkalis yakasimba. Zvizadza zvakasiyana-siyana nezvimwe zvinowedzera zvinogona kuwedzerwa zvichienderana nekushandiswa kwakasiyana uye zvinodiwa. Kune mhando dzinoda insulation performance yakanyanya, mica kana glass fiber inogona kushandiswa sefiller; kune mhando dzinoda kupisa, asbestos kana zvimwe zvinozadza zvinodzivirira kupisa zvinogona kushandiswa; kune mhando dzinoda seismic resistance, fibers dzakasiyana-siyana dzakakodzera kana rabha zvinogona kushandiswa sefillers Uye mamwe ma toughening agents ekugadzira zvinhu zvakasimba. Pamusoro pezvo, modified phenolic resins dzakadai seaniline, epoxy, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide, uye polyvinyl acetal zvinogona kushandiswawo kusangana nezvinodiwa zvemashandisirwo akasiyana. Phenolic resins dzinogonawo kushandiswa kugadzira phenolic laminates, inoratidzwa nesimba repamusoro remakanika, hunhu hwakanaka hwemagetsi, kuramba ngura, uye nyore kugadzira. Dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumidziyo yemagetsi ine voltage shoma.

MaAminoplast anosanganisira urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, urea melamine formaldehyde nezvimwewo. Ane zvakanakira zvekuomarara, kuramba kukwenya, kusapenya, kupenya, nezvimwewo. Kuwedzera zvinhu zvine mavara kunogona kugadzirwa kuita zvigadzirwa zvine mavara, zvinozivikanwa se electric jade. Nekuti haipindi mafuta uye haikanganisike nealkalis isina simba uye organic solvents (asi isingapindi acid), inogona kushandiswa pa70°C kwenguva yakareba, uye inogona kumira pa110 kusvika 120°C munguva pfupi, uye inogona kushandiswa muzvigadzirwa zvemagetsi. Plastiki yeMelamine-formaldehyde ine kuomarara kwakanyanya kupfuura plastiki yeurea-formaldehyde, uye inodzivirira mvura zviri nani, inodzivirira kupisa, uye inodzivirira arc. Inogona kushandiswa sechinhu chinodzivirira arc.

Kune mhando dzakawanda dzepurasitiki dzinoshandiswa thermosetting dzakagadzirwa ne epoxy resin sezvinhu zvikuru, pakati padzo dzinenge 90% dzakagadzirwa ne bisphenol A epoxy resin. Ine kunamatira kwakanaka, insulation yemagetsi, inodzivirira kupisa uye kugadzikana kwemakemikari, haina kusimba zvakanyanya uye inonyudza mvura, uye ine simba rakanaka remakanika.

Zvese zviri zviviri polyester isina kuzara uye epoxy resin zvinogona kugadzirwa kuita FRP, iyo ine simba rakanaka kwazvo remuchina. Semuenzaniso, purasitiki yakasimbiswa nefiber yegirazi yakagadzirwa nepolyester isina kuzara ine hunhu hwakanaka hwemuchina uye yakaderera (1/5 kusvika 1/4 yesimbi, 1/2 yearuminiyamu), uye iri nyore kugadzira muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvemagetsi. Hunhu hwemagetsi uye hwemuchina hwemapurasitiki akagadzirwa nedipropylene phthalate resin huri nani pane hwemapurasitiki ephenolic neamino thermosetting. Ine hygroscopicity shoma, saizi yechigadzirwa yakagadzikana, mashandiro akanaka ekuumba, acid nealkali resistance, mvura inopisa uye zvimwe zvinonyungudutsa zveorganic. Moulding compound yakakodzera kugadzira zvikamu zvine chimiro chakaoma, resistance yetembiricha uye insulation yakanyanya. Kazhinji, inogona kushandiswa kwenguva yakareba munzvimbo yetembiricha ye -60 ~ 180℃, uye grade resistance yekupisa inogona kusvika F kusvika H grade, iyo iri pamusoro pe resistance yekupisa yephenolic neamino plastiki.

Mapurasitiki eSilicone ari muchimiro chepolysiloxane anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumagetsi netekinoroji yemagetsi. Mapurasitiki eSilicone laminated anonyanya kusimbiswa nejira regirazi; mapurasitiki eSilicone akaumbwa anowanzo zadzwa negirazi fiber neasbestos, izvo zvinoshandiswa kugadzira zvikamu zvinotsungirira kupisa kwakanyanya, mota dzinomhanya zvakanyanya kana dzinonyudzwa mumvura, midziyo yemagetsi, uye michina yemagetsi. Rudzi urwu rwepurasitiki runoratidzwa nekusagadzikana kwayo kwe dielectric uye tgδ, uye harunyanyi kukanganiswa nefrequency. Inoshandiswa mumaindasitiri emagetsi neemagetsi kudzivirira corona ne arcs. Kunyangwe kana kubuda kwayo kukakonzera kuora, chigadzirwa chacho isilicon dioxide pachinzvimbo che conductive carbon black. . Rudzi urwu rwezvinhu rune simba rekupisa rakanaka uye runogona kushandiswa nguva dzose pa250°C. Zvakaipa zvikuru zve polysilicone isimba remuchina rakaderera, kunamira kwakaderera uye kusasimba kwemafuta kwakaderera. Mapolymer mazhinji e silicone akagadziriswa akagadzirwa, akadai se polyester modified silicone plastics uye akashandiswa mutekinoroji yemagetsi. Mamwe mapurasitiki ese ari maviri thermoplastic uye thermosetting plastics. Semuenzaniso, polyvinyl chloride inowanzo kuve thermoplastic. Japan yakagadzira mhando itsva yepolyvinyl chloride yemvura inogadzirwa nethermoset uye ine tembiricha yekuumba ye60 kusvika 140°C. Plastic inonzi Lundex muUnited States ine zvese zviri zviviri thermoplastic processing Features, pamwe nehunhu hwepanyama hwethermosetting plastics.

① Mapurasitiki eHydrocarbon.

Ipurasitiki isina polar, yakakamurwa kuita crystalline neisina crystalline. Mapurasitiki e crystalline hydrocarbon anosanganisira polyethylene, polypropylene, nezvimwewo, uye mapurasitiki e hydrocarbon asina crystalline anosanganisira polystyrene, nezvimwewo.

②Mapurasitiki eVinyl ane majini epolar.

Kunze kwe fluoroplastics, mazhinji acho haasi ma crystalline transparent bodies, anosanganisira polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl acetate, nezvimwewo. Mazhinji ma vinyl monomers anogona kugadzirwa polymerized ne radical catalysts.

③Mapurasitiki ekugadzira eThermoplastic.

Zvikuru zvinosanganisira polyoxymethylene, polyamide, polycarbonate, ABS, polyphenylene ether, polyethylene terephthalate, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyimide, polyphenylene sulfide, nezvimwewo. Polytetrafluoroethylene. Polypropylene yakagadziriswa, nezvimwewo, inowanikwawo mune iyi range.

④ Mapurasitiki ethermoplastic cellulose.

Inonyanya kusanganisira cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellophane, cellophane nezvimwewo.

Tinogona kushandisa zvese zvinhu zvepurasitiki zvataurwa pamusoro apa.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairika, PP yemhando yechikafu uye PP yemhando yekurapa zvinoshandiswa pazvigadzirwa zvakafanana nezvipunu. Iyo pipetteyakagadzirwa nezvinhu zveHDPE, uyechubhu yekuyedzainowanzogadzirwa nezvinhu zvePP kana PS zvemhando yekurapa. Tichine zvigadzirwa zvakawanda, tichishandisa zvinhu zvakasiyana, nekuti tirichakuvhuvhumugadziri, zvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki zvakawanda zvinogona kugadzirwa