1. Shandisa kupatsanura

Zvinoenderana neakasiyana ekushandisa maitiro emapurasitiki akasiyana, mapurasitiki anowanzo kupatsanurwa kuva marudzi matatu: mapurasitiki akajairwa, einjiniya mapurasitiki uye akakosha epurasitiki.

①Plasitiki yakajairika

Kazhinji inoreva mapurasitiki ane yakakura kuburitsa, yakafara application, yakanaka formability uye yakaderera mutengo.Kune marudzi mashanu emapurasitiki akajairwa, anoti polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS) uye acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS).Aya marudzi mashanu emapurasitiki anoverengera kuwanda kwemidziyo yepurasitiki, uye mamwe anogona kuiswa mumhando dzakasiyana dzepurasitiki, senge: PPS, PPO, PA, PC, POM, nezvimwewo, anoshandiswa muzvigadzirwa zvemazuva ese. zvishoma, kunyanya Inoshandiswa munzvimbo dzepamusoro-soro senge indasitiri yeinjiniya uye tekinoroji yekudzivirira yenyika, senge mota, ndege, kuvaka, uye kutaurirana.Zvinoenderana nemhando yeplasticity yayo, mapurasitiki anogona kukamurwa kuita thermoplastics uye thermosetting mapurasitiki.Mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa, zvigadzirwa zve thermoplastic zvinogona kushandiswazve, nepo thermosetting mapurasitiki haagone.Zvinoenderana nemamiriro ekunze emapurasitiki, anogona kukamurwa kuita akajeka, translucent uye opaque mbishi zvinhu, senge PS, PMMA, AS, PC, nezvimwewo izvo zviri pachena mapurasitiki , Uye mazhinji mamwe mapurasitiki ari opaque mapurasitiki.

Zvivakwa uye kushandiswa kwemapurasitiki anowanzo shandiswa:

1. Polyethylene:

Inowanzo shandiswa polyethylene inogona kupatsanurwa kuita yakaderera density polyethylene (LDPE), yakakwirira density polyethylene (HDPE) uye linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE).Pakati pevatatu, HDPE ine zviri nani kupisa, magetsi uye mechanical properties, nepo LDPE neLLDPE vane zviri nani kushanduka, maitiro ekugadzirisa, mafirimu ekugadzira zvinhu, etc. LDPE neLLDPE inonyanya kushandiswa mukuputira mafirimu, mafirimu ekurima, kuchinjwa kwepurasitiki, nezvimwewo. , nepo HDPE iine huwandu hwakawanda hwekushandisa, senge mafirimu, mapaipi, uye jekiseni zvinodiwa zuva nezuva.

2. Polypropylene:

Zvichienderana, polypropylene ine mamwe marudzi, mamwe mashandisirwo akaomarara, uye akasiyana siyana minda.Mhando idzi dzinonyanya kusanganisira homopolymer polypropylene (homopp), block copolymer polypropylene (copp) uye random copolymer polypropylene (rapp).Zvinoenderana nechikumbiro Homopolymerization inonyanya kushandiswa muminda yekudhirowa waya, faibha, jekiseni, BOPP firimu, nezvimwe. Copolymer polypropylene inonyanya kushandiswa mumidziyo yemumba jekiseni zvikamu, zvakagadziridzwa mbishi, zvigadzirwa zvemazuva ese, mapaipi, nezvimwewo, uye zvisina tsarukano. polypropylene inonyanya kushandiswa mune yakajeka Zvigadzirwa, yakakwirira-inoshanda zvigadzirwa, yakakwirira-inoshanda pombi, nezvimwe.

3. Polyvinyl chloride:

Nekuda kweiyo yakaderera mutengo uye inodzima moto inodzoreredza zvivakwa, ine huwandu hwakasiyana hwekushandisa mumunda wekuvaka, kunyanya kune mapaipi esuweji, magonhi esimbi epurasitiki nemahwindo, ndiro, dehwe rekugadzira, nezvimwe.

4. Polystyrene:

Semhando yezvakajeka zvinhu zvakasvibirira, kana paine kudiwa kwekujeka, ine huwandu hwakasiyana hwekushandisa, senge mota dzemwenje dzemwenje, zuva nezuva zvikamu zvinoonekera, makapu akajeka, magaba, nezvimwe.

5. ABS:

Iyo ipurasitiki yeinjiniya inosiyana-siyana ine yakatanhamara yemuviri mechanika uye yekupisa zvivakwa.Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumidziyo yemumba, mapaneru, masikisi, maassemblies, accessories, nezvimwewo, kunyanya midziyo yemumba, senge michina yekuwachisa, air conditioners, firiji, mafeni emagetsi, etc. Yakakura kwazvo uye ine huwandu hwakawanda hwekushandisa mu kuchinjwa kwepurasitiki.

②Engineering mapurasitiki

Kazhinji inoreva mapurasitiki anogona kumira kune rimwe simba rekunze, ane yakanaka mechanical zvivakwa, yakakwirira uye yakaderera tembiricha kuramba, uye ane yakanaka dimensional kugadzikana, uye anogona kushandiswa sezvivakwa engineering, akadai polyamide uye polysulfone.Muinjiniya mapurasitiki, akakamurwa kuita mapoka maviri: general engineering mapurasitiki uye akakosha einjiniya mapurasitiki.Mapurasitiki einjiniya anogona kusangana nepamusoro zvinodiwa maererano nemakanika zvivakwa, kusimba, kusagadzikana kwemarara, uye kupisa kupisa, uye ari nyore kugadzirisa uye anogona kutsiva simbi zvinhu.Injiniya mapurasitiki anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumagetsi nemagetsi, mota, kuvaka, midziyo yehofisi, michina, aerospace uye mamwe maindasitiri.Kuisa mapurasitiki panzvimbo yesimbi nepurasitiki pahuni kwazova muitiro wenyika dzakawanda.

General engineering mapurasitiki anosanganisira: polyamide, polyoxymethylene, polycarbonate, modified polyphenylene ether, thermoplastic polyester, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, methylpentene polymer, vinyl doro copolymer, nezvimwewo.

Special engineering mapurasitiki akakamurwa kuita muchinjiko-akabatana uye asina-muchinjika-akabatana marudzi.Mhando dzakasungirirwa pamuchinjikwa ndeidzi: polyamino bismaleamide, polytriazine, cross-linked polyimide, heat-resistant epoxy resin uye zvichingodaro.Non-crosslinked marudzi ndeaya: polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyimide, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) zvichingodaro.

③Mapurasitiki akakosha

Kazhinji inoreva mapurasitiki ane mabasa akakosha uye anogona kushandiswa mune akakosha maapplication akadai sendege uye aerospace.Semuyenzaniso, fluoroplastics uye silicones ane yakasarudzika tembiricha yekudzivirira, yekuzvizora uye mamwe mabasa akakosha, uye mapurasitiki akasimbiswa uye mapurasitiki ane furo ane zvakakosha zvimiro zvakaita sesimba rakakwirira uye yakakwirira cushioning.Aya mapurasitiki ndeechikamu chepurasitiki yakakosha.

a.Purasitiki yakasimbiswa:

Yakasimbiswa epurasitiki mbishi zvinhu zvinogona kukamurwa kuita granular (senge calcium plastic reinforced plastic), faibha (senge girazi faibha kana girazi jira reinforced plastiki), uye flake (senge mica reinforced plastic) muchitarisiko.Zvinoenderana nenyaya yacho, inogona kupatsanurwa kuita machira-based reinforced plastics (senge rag reinforced or asbestos reinforced plastics), inorganic mineral yakazara mapurasitiki (senge quartz kana mica yakazadzwa mapurasitiki), uye fiber yakasimbiswa mapurasitiki (senge carbon fiber yakasimbiswa. mapurasitiki).

b.Furo:

Mapurasitiki efuro anogona kukamurwa kuita marudzi matatu: akaomarara, semi-akasimba uye anochinjika furo.Rigid foam haina kuchinjika, uye kuomarara kwayo kwakakura kwazvo.Iyo inozoremara chete kana yasvika kune imwe nhanho kukosha uye haikwanise kudzokera kune yayo yekutanga mushure mekushushikana kwadzikiswa.Foam inochinjika inochinjika, ine kuomarara kwakadzika, uye iri nyore kukanganisa.Dzosera mamiriro ekutanga, iyo yakasara deformation idiki;kuchinjika uye zvimwe zvimiro zve semi-rigid furo zviri pakati pemafuro akaomarara uye akapfava.

Chechipiri, chimiro chemuviri uye chemakemikari

Zvinoenderana neakasiyana emuviri uye makemikari zvimiro zvemapurasitiki akasiyana, mapurasitiki anogona kupatsanurwa mumhando mbiri: thermosetting mapurasitiki uye thermoplastic mapurasitiki.

(1) Thermoplastic

Thermoplastics (Thermo plastics): inoreva mapurasitiki anozonyunguduka mushure mekupisa, anogona kuyerera muforoma mushure mekutonhora, uye obva anyunguduka mushure mekupisa;kudziyisa nekutonhodza zvinogona kushandiswa kugadzira shanduko dzinodzorereka (mvura ←→ yakasimba), hongu Iyo inonzi shanduko yemuviri.General-purpose thermoplastics ine tembiricha inoramba ichishanda iri pasi pe100°C.Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, uye polystyrene anonziwo mapurasitiki mana-chinangwa.Thermoplastic mapurasitiki akakamurwa kuva hydrocarbons, vinyls ane polar majini, engineering, cellulose uye mamwe marudzi.Inova yakapfava kana ichipisa, uye inova yakaoma kana yatonhodzwa.Inogona kudzokororwa zvakare uye kuomeswa uye kuchengetedza imwe chimiro.Inonyungudika mune zvimwe zvinonyungudutsa uye ine midziyo yekunyungudika nekunyungudika.Thermoplastics ine yakanakisa magetsi ekudzivirira, kunyanya polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) ine yakanyanya kuderera dielectric kugara uye dielectric kurasikirwa.Kune yakakwirira frequency uye yakakwirira voltage insulation zvinhu.Thermoplastics iri nyore kuumba uye kugadzirisa, asi ine yakaderera kupisa inodzivirira uye iri nyore kukambaira.Dhigirii rezvinokambaira rinosiyana nemutoro, tembiricha yezvakatipoteredza, solvent, uye humidity.Kuti akunde utera uhwu hwe thermoplastics uye kusangana nezvinodiwa zvekushandisa muminda yehunyanzvi hwemuchadenga uye kuvandudzwa kwesimba idzva, nyika dzese dziri kugadzira marara asingadziviriri anogona kunyungudutswa, senge polyether ether ketone (PEEK) uye polyether sulfone ( PES)., Polyarylsulfone (PASU), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), etc. Composite zvinhu zvinovashandisa sematrix resins vane yakakwirira mechanical properties uye makemikari resistance, inogona kuva thermoformed uye welded, uye kuva nani interlaminar shear simba kupfuura epoxy resins.Semuenzaniso, kushandisa polyether ether ketone sematrix resin uye kabhoni fiber kugadzira zvinhu zvakasanganiswa, kuneta kuramba kunodarika epoxy/carbon fiber.Iyo ine yakanaka kukanganisa kupikisa, yakanaka inokambaira kuramba pane tembiricha yekamuri, uye yakanaka processability.Inogona kushandiswa nguva dzose pa240-270 ° C.Iyo yakanaka-yepamusoro-tembiricha insulation zvinhu.Iyo inoumbwa zvinhu yakagadzirwa ne polyethersulfone seye matrix resin uye kabhoni fiber ine simba rakakura uye kuoma pa 200 ° C, uye inogona kuchengetedza yakanaka kukanganisa kupikisa pa -100 ° C;haina chepfu, haibatike, utsi hushoma, uye kuramba nemwaranzi.Zvakanaka, inotarisirwa kushandiswa sechinhu chakakosha che spacecraft, uye inogona zvakare kuumbwa kuita radome, nezvimwe.

Formaldehyde cross-linked mapurasitiki anosanganisira phenolic plastiki, amino plastiki (senge urea-formaldehyde-melamine-formaldehyde, nezvimwewo).Mamwe mapurasitiki akabatanidzwa anosanganisira unsaturated polyesters, epoxy resins, uye phthalic diallyl resins.

(2) Thermosetting plastiki

Mapurasitiki eThermosetting anoreva mapurasitiki anogona kurapwa pasi pekupisa kana mamwe mamiriro kana kuti ane insoluble (kunyunguduka) maitiro, akadai se phenolic plastiki, epoxy plastiki, nezvimwewo. Mapurasitiki eThermosetting akakamurwa kuva formaldehyde cross-linked type uye mamwe marudzi akabatanidzwa.Mushure mekugadzirwa kwekupisa uye kuumbwa, chinhu chisingagoneki uye chisinganyungudika chakarapwa chinogadzirwa, uye mamorekuru eresin anochinjika-akabatanidzwa mune network dhizaini nemutsara chimiro.Kuwedzera kupisa kuchaora uye kuparadza.Yakajairika thermosetting mapurasitiki anosanganisira phenolic, epoxy, amino, unsaturated polyester, furan, polysiloxane uye zvimwe zvinhu, pamwe neazvino polydipropylene phthalate mapurasitiki.Vane zvakanakira kupisa kwakanyanya uye kuramba deformation kana kupisa.Izvo zvakashata ndezvekuti simba remuchina kazhinji harina kukwirira, asi simba remuchina rinogona kuvandudzwa nekuwedzera mafirita ekugadzira laminated zvinhu kana zvinhu zvakaumbwa.

Thermosetting mapurasitiki akagadzirwa ne phenolic resin sechinhu chikuru mbishi, senge phenolic molded plastic (inowanzozivikanwa seBakelite), akasimba, ane dimensionally kugadzikana, uye anoshingirira kune mamwe makemikari zvinhu kunze kwemaalkali akasimba.Akasiyana-siyana mafirita uye ekuwedzera anogona kuwedzerwa zvichienderana nekushandiswa kwakasiyana uye zvinodiwa.Kune marudzi anoda yakakwira insulation kuita, mica kana girazi fiber inogona kushandiswa sekuzadza;kune marudzi anoda kupisa kupisa, asbestos kana mamwe anodzivirira kupisa anogona kushandiswa;kune marudzi anoda seismic kuramba, akasiyana-siyana akakodzera fiber kana rabha anogona kushandiswa semafirita Uye mamwe maajenti anoomesera kugadzira yakakwirira kuomarara zvinhu.Uye zvakare, yakagadziridzwa phenolic resins senge aniline, epoxy, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide, uye polyvinyl acetal inogona zvakare kushandiswa kuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvekushandisa kwakasiyana.Phenolic resins inogonawo kushandiswa kugadzira phenolic laminates, iyo inoratidzirwa nehupamhi hwemagetsi emagetsi, yakanaka magetsi emagetsi, corrosion resistance, uye nyore kugadzirisa.Iwo anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mune yakaderera-voltage midziyo yemagetsi.

Aminoplasts anosanganisira urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, urea melamine formaldehyde zvichingodaro.Vane zvakanakira kugadzirwa kwakaoma, scratch resistance, colorless, translucent, etc. Kuwedzera zvinhu zvemavara zvinogona kuitwa muzvigadzirwa zvemavara, zvinowanzozivikanwa sejadhi yemagetsi.Nemhaka yokuti inopesana nemafuta uye haina kukanganiswa neasina simba alkalis uye organic solvents (asi kwete asidi inopesana), inogona kushandiswa pa70 ° C kwenguva yakareba, uye inogona kumira 110 kusvika 120 ° C munguva pfupi, uye inogona. kushandiswa muzvigadzirwa zvemagetsi.Melamine-formaldehyde plastiki ine kuomarara kwepamusoro pane urea-formaldehyde purasitiki, uye ine mvura inodzivirira zvirinani, kupisa kupisa, uye arc kuramba.Inogona kushandiswa se arc-resistant insulating material.

Kune akawanda marudzi e thermosetting mapurasitiki akagadzirwa ne epoxy resin sechinhu chikuru mbishi, pakati peiyo inenge 90% yakavakirwa bisphenol A epoxy resin.Iyo ine yakanakisa adhesion, magetsi ekudzivirira, kupisa kupisa uye kugadzikana kwemakemikari, yakaderera shrinkage uye kunyura kwemvura, uye yakanaka mechanic simba.

Ose ari maviri unsaturated polyester uye epoxy resin anogona kugadzirwa kuita FRP, iyo ine yakanakisa mechanic simba.Semuenzaniso, girazi fiber reinforced plastic yakagadzirwa neunsaturated polyester ine yakanaka mechanical properties uye yakaderera density (chete 1/5 kusvika 1/4 yesimbi, 1/2 yealuminium), uye iri nyore kugadzirisa muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemagetsi.Izvo zvemagetsi uye zvemuchina zvemapurasitiki akagadzirwa ne dipropylene phthalate resin zviri nani pane izvo zvephenolic uye amino thermosetting mapurasitiki.Iyo ine yakaderera hygroscopicity, yakagadzika chigadzirwa saizi, yakanaka kuumbwa kuita, asidhi uye alkali kuramba, mvura inofashaira uye mamwe organic solvents.Iyo molding compound inokodzera kugadzira zvikamu zvine chimiro chakaomarara, tembiricha kuramba uye yakakwirira insulation.Kazhinji, inogona kushandiswa kwenguva yakareba mukupisa kwe -60 ~ 180 ℃, uye giredhi rekudzivirira kupisa rinogona kusvika F kusvika kuH giredhi, iro rakakwirira kudarika kupisa kupisa kwephenolic uye amino plastiki.

Silicone mapurasitiki ari muchimiro chepolysiloxane chimiro anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumagetsi nemagetsi tekinoroji.Silicone laminated plastiki inonyanya kusimbiswa nejira regirazi;Silicone molded plastics anonyanya kuzadzwa negirazi faibha uye asbestos, ayo anoshandiswa kugadzira zvidimbu zvisingaenderane nekupisa kwepamusoro, high frequency kana submersible motors, midziyo yemagetsi, uye midziyo yemagetsi.Rudzi urwu rwepurasitiki runoratidzwa neiyo yakaderera dielectric inogara uye tgδ kukosha, uye haina kukanganiswa nekuwanda.Inoshandiswa mumaindasitiri emagetsi nemagetsi kuramba corona uye arcs.Kunyangwe kana kubuda kwacho kuchikonzera kuora, chigadzirwa isilicon dioxide pane conductive kabhoni dema..Rudzi urwu rwezvinhu rune hushingi hwekupisa uye hunogona kushandiswa kuenderera pa250 ° C.Izvo zvakanyanya kuipa kwepolysilicone yakaderera mechanical simba, yakaderera adhesiveness uye urombo mafuta kuramba.Mazhinji akagadziridzwa silicone polymers akagadzirwa, senge polyester modified silicone mapurasitiki uye akaiswa mumagetsi tekinoroji.Mamwe mapurasitiki ese ari maviri thermoplastic uye thermosetting mapurasitiki.Semuenzaniso, polyvinyl chloride inowanzova thermoplastic.Japan yakagadzira mhando itsva yemvura inonzi polyvinyl chloride iri thermoset uye ine tembiricha yekuumbwa inosvika 60 kusvika 140°C.Plastiki inonzi Lundex muUnited States ine zvese zviri zviviri thermoplastic processing Features, uye zvemuviri zvimiro zve thermosetting mapurasitiki.

① Hydrocarbon mapurasitiki.

Ipurasitiki isiri-polar, iyo yakakamurwa kuva crystalline uye isiri-crystalline.Crystalline hydrocarbon mapurasitiki anosanganisira polyethylene, polypropylene, nezvimwewo, uye asiri-crystalline hydrocarbon mapurasitiki anosanganisira polystyrene, nezvimwe.

②Vinyl mapurasitiki ane polar genes.

Kunze kwefluoroplastics, mazhinji acho haasi-crystalline akajeka miviri, kusanganisira polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl acetate, nezvimwewo. Mazhinji vinyl monomers anogona kuve polymerized ane radical catalysts.

③Thermoplastic engineering mapurasitiki.

Zvikurukuru zvinosanganisira polyoxymethylene, polyamide, polycarbonate, ABS, polyphenylene ether, polyethylene terephthalate, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyimide, polyphenylene sulfide, etc. Polytetrafluoroethylene.Modified polypropylene, nezvimwewo zvinosanganisirwa mune iyi siyana.

④ Thermoplastic cellulose mapurasitiki.

Inonyanya kusanganisira cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellophane, cellophane uye zvichingodaro.

Tinogona kushandisa ese epurasitiki zvinhu zviri pamusoro.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairika, chikafu-giredhi PP uye yekurapa-giredhi PP inoshandiswa kune zvigadzirwa zvakafanana nezvipunu. The pipetteinogadzirwa neHDPE zvinhu, uye iyotest tubeinowanzogadzirwa neyekurapa giredhi PP kana PS zvinhu.Tichiri nezvigadzirwa zvakawanda, tichishandisa zvinhu zvakasiyana, nokuti tiri amoldmugadziri, zvinenge zvese zvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki zvinogona kugadzirwa