Kugadziriswa kwepurasitiki kunogona kuteverwa kumashure kusvika pakati pe19.Panguva iyoyo, kuitira kuzadzisa zvinodiwa neindasitiri yemachira iri kusimukira muUK, vemakemikari vakasanganisa makemikari akasiyana pamwechete, vachitarisira kugadzira bleach nedhayi.Makemikari anonyanya kufarira tara yemarasha, inova tsvina yakaita securd yakanyungudutswa mumachemini efekitari anotungidzwa negasi rechisikigo.

William Henry Platinum, mubatsiri wemurabhoritari kuRoyal Institute of Chemistry muLondon, aive mumwe wevanhu vakaita ongororo iyi.Rimwe zuva, apo platinamu yakanga ichipukuta makemikari aidururirwa pabhenji murabhoritari, zvakaonekwa kuti dhende rakanga rakadhayiwa mulavender rakanga risinganyanyi kuonekwa panguva iyoyo.Kuwanikwa netsaona uku kwakaita kuti platinamu ipinde muindasitiri yekudhaya uye yakazova miriyoni.
Kunyangwe kuwanikwa kweplatinamu kusiri kwepurasitiki, kuwanikwa netsaona uku kwakakosha zvikuru nekuti kunoratidza kuti makomboni anogadzirwa nevanhu anogona kuwanikwa nekudzora zvinhu zvakasikwa.Vagadziri vakaona kuti zvinhu zvakawanda zvechisikigo zvakaita sehuni, amber, rabha, uye girazi zvingave zvishoma kana kudhura zvakanyanya kana kuti hazvina kukodzera kugadzirwa kwehuwandu nekuti zvinodhura zvakanyanya kana kusachinjika zvakakwana.Synthetic zvinhu zvinotsiva zvakakodzera.Inogona kuchinja chimiro pasi pekupisa uye kumanikidzwa, uye inogonawo kuchengetedza chimiro mushure mekutonhora.
Colin Williamson, muvambi weLondon Society for the History of Plastics, akati: “Panguva iyoyo, vanhu vakanga vakatarisana nokuwana imwe nzira yakachipa uye iri nyore kuchinja.
Mushure meplatinamu, mumwe murungu, Alexander Parks, akasanganisa chloroform nemafuta ecastor kuti awane chinhu chakaoma semasvosve emhuka.Iri raive plastiki rekutanga rekugadzira.Mapaki anotarisira kushandisa purasitiki rakagadzirwa nevanhu iri kutsiva rabha risingagoni kushandiswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwemitengo yekudyara, kukohwa, uye kugadzira.
New Yorker John Wesley Hyatt, mupfuri wesimbi, akaedza kugadzira mabhora ebhiridhi nezvinhu zvekugadzira panzvimbo pemabhora emabhiridhi akagadzirwa nenyanga dzenzou.Kunyange zvazvo asina kugadzirisa dambudziko iri, akawana kuti nekusanganisa camphor nehumwe huwandu hwekunyungudutsa, chinhu chinogona kuchinja chimiro mushure mekupisa kunogona kuwanikwa.Hyatt anodana izvi zvinhu celluloid.Iri rudzi rutsva rwepurasitiki rine hunhu hwekuve hukuru-kugadzirwa nemichina uye nevashandi vasina hunyanzvi.Inounza kuindasitiri yemafirimu chinhu chakasimba uye chinochinjika chakajeka chinogona kuburitsa mifananidzo pamadziro.
Celluloid yakasimudzirawo kuvandudzwa kweindasitiri yekurekodha imba, uye pakupedzisira yakatsiva ekutanga cylindrical zvinyorwa.Gare gare mapurasitiki anogona kushandiswa kugadzira zvinyorwa zvevinyl uye matepi emakaseti;pakupedzisira, polycarbonate inoshandiswa kuita compact discs.
Celluloid inoita kuti kutora mifananidzo kuve chiitiko chine musika wakafara.George Eastman asati agadzira celluloid, kutora mifananidzo kwaive chinhu chinodhura uye chinorema nekuti mutori wemifananidzo aifanira kugadzira firimu pachake.Eastman akauya nezano idzva: mutengi akatumira firimu rakapera kuchitoro chaakavhura, uye akagadzira firimu remutengi.Celluloid ndiyo yekutanga zvinhu zvakajeka izvo zvinogona kugadzirwa kuita pepa rakatetepa uye rinogona kupetwa kuita kamera.
Panenge panguva ino, Eastman akasangana nemumwe wechidiki wekuBelgian, Leo Beckeland.Baekeland yakawana rudzi rwebepa rekudhinda rinonyanya kuterera chiedza.Eastman akatenga kugadzirwa kwaBeckland kwe750,000 US madhora (yakaenzana neiyo ikozvino 2.5 miriyoni US madhora).Iine mari paruoko, Baekeland yakavaka marabhoritari.Uye muna 1907 akagadzira phenolic plastiki.
Ichi chinyorwa chitsva chakawana kubudirira kukuru.Zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa nephenolic plastic zvinosanganisira nhare, tambo dze insulated, mabhatani, propeller dzendege, nemabhora emabhiridhi emhando yepamusoro.
Parker Pen Kambani inogadzira zvinyoreso zvakasiyana siyana kubva muphenolic plastiki.Kuti aratidze kusimba kwephenolic plastiki, kambani yakaita chiratidzo chevanhu kuvanhu uye yakadonhedza peni kubva pazvivako zvepamusoro.Magazini ye“Time” yakapa chinyorwa chebutiro kuzivisa mugadziri wepurasitiki yephenolic uye zvinhu izvi zvinogona “kushandiswa kane zviuru”
Makore mashoma gare gare, marabhoritari yeDuPont yakaitawo imwe budiriro netsaona: yakagadzira naironi, chigadzirwa chinonzi sirika yekugadzira.Muna 1930, Wallace Carothers, nyanzvi yesainzi inoshanda murabhoritari yeDuPont, akanyudza tsvimbo yegirazi raipisa mukomboni yakareba yemamolecular organic uye akawana zvinhu zvakanyungudika.Kunyangwe zvipfeko zvakagadzirwa neironi yekutanga zvakanyunguduka pasi pekupisa kwakanyanya kwesimbi, muvambi wayo Carothers akaenderera mberi nekutsvaga.Anenge makore masere gare gare, DuPont yakaunza naironi.
Nylon yave kushandiswa zvakanyanya mumunda, maparachuti uye tambo dzebhutsu zvese zvinogadzirwa naironi.Asi vakadzi vanofarira kushandisa naironi.Musi waChivabvu 15, 1940, vakadzi vekuAmerica vakatengesa mamiriyoni mashanu emapeya emasokisi enylon akabudiswa neDuPont.Masitokisi enaironi ari kushomeka, uye vamwe vanamuzvinabhizimusi vatanga kuita kunge masitokisi enaironi.
Asi nyaya yebudiriro yenylon ine magumo anosiririsa: muvambi wayo, Carothers, akazviuraya nekutora cyanide.Steven Finnichell, munyori webhuku “Plastiki”, akati: “Ndakawana fungidziro mushure mekuverenga diary yaCarothers: Carothers akati zvinhu zvaakagadzira zvakashandiswa kugadzira zvipfeko zvevakadzi.Masokisi akanzwa kushushikana zvikuru.Akanga ari nyanzvi, izvo zvakaita kuti anzwe asingatsungiririki.”Aifunga kuti vanhu vaizofunga kuti budiriro yake huru yakanga isiri chimwe chinhu kunze kwokugadzira “chigadzirwa chenguva dzose chokutengeserana.”
Nepo DuPont yainakidzwa nezvigadzirwa zvayo zvichidiwa zvakanyanya nevanhu.MaBritish akawana kushandiswa kwakawanda kwepurasitiki munhandare yehondo munguva yehondo.Kuwanikwa uku kwakaitwa netsaona.Masayendisiti murabhoritari yeRoyal Chemical Industry Corporation yekuUnited Kingdom aiita ongororo yainge isina chekuita neizvi, uye vakawana kuti pazasi pechubhu yebvunzo pakanga paine waxy waxy precipitate.Mushure mekuedzwa kwerabhoritari, zvakaonekwa kuti chinhu ichi chakanakisa insulating zvinhu.Hunhu hwayo hwakasiyana negirazi, uye masaisai eradar anogona kupfuura nawo.Masayendisiti anoidana kuti polyethylene, uye anoishandisa kuvaka imba yezviteshi zveradar kubata mhepo nemvura, kuitira kuti radar igone kubata ndege dzevavengi pasi pemvura inonaya uye mhute yakaoma.
Williamson weSosaiti yeNhoroondo yePlastiki akati: “Pane zvinhu zviviri zvinoparira kugadzirwa kwepurasitiki.Chimwe chacho chido chekuita mari, uye chimwe chacho ihondo.”Zvakadaro, aive makumi emakore akatevera akagadzira purasitiki Finney.Chell akaitumidza chiratidzo che "zana ramakore rezvigadzirwa zvekugadzira."Mumakore ekuma1950, midziyo yezvokudya yakagadzirwa nepurasitiki, jugs, mabhokisi esipo uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvemumba zvakaonekwa;muma1960, macheya anofefetera akaonekwa.Muma1970, vezvezvakatipoteredza vakaratidza kuti mapurasitiki haagone kudzikisira ega.Chido chevanhu chezvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki chadzikira.
Nekudaro, muma1980 nema1990, nekuda kwekudiwa kukuru kwemapurasitiki mumaindasitiri ekugadzira mota nemakomputa, mapurasitiki akabatanidza chinzvimbo chavo.Hazvibviri kuramba nyaya iyi inowanikwa kwose kwose.Makore makumi mashanu apfuura, nyika yaigona chete kugadzira makumi ezviuru zvematani epurasitiki gore rimwe nerimwe;nhasi, kugadzirwa kwepurasitiki kwepagore kwenyika kunodarika zana remamiriyoni ematani.Kugadzirwa kwepurasitiki kwegore negore muUnited States kunodarika kugadzirwa kwakasanganiswa kwesimbi, aluminium nemhangura.
Mapurasitiki matsvanezvitsva zvichiri kuwanikwa.Williamson weSosaiti yeNhoroondo yePlastiki akati: “Vagadziri nevagadziri vachashandisa mapurasitiki mumireniyumu inotevera.Hapana zvinhu zvemhuri zvakaita sepurasitiki inobvumira vanogadzira uye vanogadzira kuti vapedze zvigadzirwa zvavo nemutengo wakaderera kwazvo.Gadzira.