Kwezviuru zvemakore, vanhu vanogona chete kushandisa zvipo zvezvisikwa: simbi, huni, rabha, resin… Zvisinei, mushure mekuzvarwa kwetafura tennis, vanhu vakangoerekana vaona kuti nesimba repolymer chemistry, tinogona kuunganidza maatomu ekabhoni pakuda uye. maatomu ehydrogen, kugadzira zvinhu zvitsva zvisati zvamboonekwa paNyika.
Iyo tekinoroji yekugadzira nitrocellulose tekinoroji yekugadzira celluloid inhanho yekushandura tekinoroji yepurasitiki kubva pa0 kuenda ku1, uye mumaonero anhasi, iyi ingori nhanho diki mukufamba kwenguva.Hyatt akaita "modification reaction" pamatambo ekotoni akanyungudutswa mu nitric acid, kuitira kuti aya macromolecular celluloses akatyoka uye akarongwazve nenzira itsva, uye akajairwa chirimwa fiber akazvarwa patsva.kuzvarwa patsva.Nekudaro, cellulose pachayo ipolymer, uye celluloid inongogadzirisa cellulose, uye haiburitse cellulose padanho remamorekuru.Kana tikangodzidza kushandisa mamorekuru, rudzii rwemashiripiti rwatichawana?

Hatifaniri kumirira nguva refu.Makore mana chete mushure memukana waHyatt kusangana ne celluloid, nyanzvi yemakemikari yekuGerman Adolf von Baeyer akashandisa formaldehyde uye phenol kugadzira purasitiki nyowani: phenolic resin.Panguva imwecheteyo, chirango chitsva chemakemikari chakavhurwa: polymerization.Mumunda we organic chemistry, polymerization imhando yemashiripiti matema anoshandura dombo kuita goridhe.Inopindirana mamorekuru e formaldehyde uye phenol molecules mumambure makuru, uye pakupedzisira inobereka murume mukuru asingakwanisi kuziva baba vake formaldehyde naamai vake phenol.henolic Resin.

Mundima yeindasitiri, phenolic resin plastiki inodaidzwa kuti "bakelite" nekuti inodzivirira, anti-static, uye inodzivirira tembiricha.Icho chinhu chakanakisa chekugadzira insulating switch, kuitira kuti iwe ugone kubatidza mwenje zuva rega rega usinganetseke nekuvhunduka kwemagetsi.Kubva pakuonekwa kwakajeka kwekristaro, zvakaoma kuona kushamisa kwechigadzirwa ichi: chidimbu chega chega chebakelite imorekuru hombe, molekuru yakakura zvakakwana kubatwa muchanza cheruoko rwako!
Mukuona kwedu, molecule inoratidzika kuva chinhu chiduku zvikuru kubvira kare kare.Donhwe remvura rinenge 1.67 × 10 21 mamorekuru emvura.Zvigadzirwa zvephenolic resin, formaldehyde uye phenol, mamorekuru madiki uye asingashamisi, ane huremu hwema molecular e30 ne94, zvichiteerana, asi kana uchida kubvunza huremu hwemapenolic resin, unogona kudhirowa mazero makumi maviri kana makumi matatu mushure. 1.

Kuona kuri nani pane kuzviona.Kana iwe uchida kuona simba rinotyisa repolymerization reaction, unogona zvakare kupedza masekonzi gumi uchiona kuputika kwepolymerization reaction mushure mekupisa p-nitroaniline uye yakanyura sulfuric acid.Iyo diki hafu-ndiro mhinduro iri pamufananidzo uri kuruboshwe inokura zvishoma nezvishoma uye inoputa mushure mekupisa, uye mamorekuru ep-nitroaniline anoyambuka uye anoita polymerize pamwero wekukura.Pakupedzisira, gomo racho rinoputika munguva isingasviki 1 sekondi, uye muti mukuru unomera pasina kwaunobva.Optimus Prime.Kunyangwe iyi shongwe yerima inotaridzika yakasimba, ingori crisp uye porous sponge chimiro chakaumbwa nep-nitroaniline sulfonate, uye ichava madota nekusvinwa kudiki.

Nekuda kwekuita kwepolymerization, mumakumi mashoma emakore, nhamba huru yemapurasitiki anozivikanwa "poly" akabuda muindasitiri yemakemikari: polyamide, polyurethane, polyethylene, polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, Polyester……
Chii?Unoti hauzive mazita anoshamisa aya?Hazvina mhosva, ndichakushandurira.
Polyamide (inozivikanwawo seNylon): Yakagadzirwa neDuPont muna 1930, iyo yekutanga pasirese fiber fiber, haina kupfuurwa nevakwikwidzi kwemakore anoda kusvika zana.

Polyethylene: Plastiki inonyanya kushandiswa muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva.

Polystyrene (inozivikanwawo sePoly Dragon): inofanirwa yekutora uye vatakuri

Polypropylene: inodzivirira kupisa kusvika ku 140 ° C, uye haiiti neasidhi, alkali, uye munyu, uye ndiyo yekutanga sarudzo yemabhokisi e microwave lunch.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (inozivikanwawo seTeflon): Inozivikanwa se "King of Plastics", inogona kushanda zvakajairwa mukati me -180 ~ 250 ℃, uye inenge isinganyungudike mune zvese zvinonyungudutsa, kunyangwe mune yakabikwa aqua regia.Ingoisa chidimbu chakaonda kusvika pasi pepani kuti ushandure kuita gango refu risina tsvimbo

Polyester fiber (polyester): izere nekunyungudika, inodzivirira kuunyana, isiri-iron, inodzivirira mildew, dzinenge mbatya dzese dzakatengwa papfuma vanayo, kunyanya zvipfeko zvemitambo.

Polyurethane: Yakaremekedzwa naBayer muna 1937, ine simba rakawanda uye yakaderera kupisa conductivity, uye inowanzoshandiswa mumadziro ekudzivirira.Asi iwe unogona kunge uchinyanya kujairana nebhuku re 0.01 mm muhupenyu hwako hwezuva nezuva.

Kana ndikakuudza kuti chikafu chemunhu wese, zvipfeko, imba uye zvekufambisa hazviparadzaniswe nepurasitiki, pamwe vanhu vazhinji vachanditarisa nematauriro anoshamisa.Hongu, yakawandisa, yakawandisa kuona, yakawandisa kukanganwa, isu tinorarama munyika yepurasitiki zuva rega rega.Tinobika muhari dzepurasitiki, tinodyira mumabhokisi epurasitiki, kunwa kubva mumabhodhoro epurasitiki, kugeza mumabheseni epurasitiki, kugezera mumabhavhu epurasitiki, kupfeka mbatya dzepurasitiki dzefiber kuti tibude, kutyaira motokari dzepurasitiki 50% kushanda, kuvhura Laptop yepurasitiki, kunyora chinyorwa ichi. pakhibhodi yepurasitiki - uye uri kuiverenga uchibaya foni yako yepurasitiki.
Kusvika pari zvino, zviuru zvemapurasitiki akagadzirwa pasi rose.Nhamba chaidzo hadzigone kuverenga, uye hapana kukosha kwenhamba, nekuti makumi kana mazana emapurasitiki matsva anobuda gore rega rega, uye miniti yega yega nesekondi yega yega, vashandi veR&D vanovandudza mafomula uye maitiro ekugadzira mapurasitiki murabhoritari.Kubva pakugadzirwa kweplastic celluloid yekutanga, takagadzira matani 7 bhiriyoni epurasitiki, uye kana yakaitwa tambo, inogona kuputira pasi pasi rose-yakawanda?Isu tave kugadzira matani bhiriyoni epurasitiki makore matatu ega ega.Kune 140-makore-ekare epurasitiki kemikari indasitiri, ingori kutanga.
Kana vanhu vaparara, vatorwa vanochera matongo vachawana zviratidzo zvekuvapo kwedu muzvinyorwa zve geological - maumbirwo ematombo epurasitiki.Plastiki inosanganiswa nematombo, matombo, uye mateko, uye inonyura mugungwa kuti ive chiyeuchidzo chekusingaperi chepasi.Sezvakangoita calcium carbonate deposits yakaratidza Cretaceous uye dinosaur fossils yakaratidza Jurassic, iyi dombo repurasitiki rakaumbwa rakaratidza zera idzva re geological: the Anthropocene.Vane tariro vanotenda kuti kugadzira purasitiki kufambira mberi kwakangofanana nekuchera huni kugadzira moto nematombo ekukwenenzvera.Inomiririra kuti vanhu pakupedzisira vanonzwisisa chimiro chechinhu uye vane kugona kutyora zvisungo zvechisikigo uye kuvaka nyika itsva isati yamboitika;asi vamwe, vachizvivenga.Idaidze iyo "kutyisa kuchena", "kugadzirwa kwerufu" uye "husiku hwevanhu hwezana ramakore rechi21".
Iyo tekinoroji yakagadzira bhora reping pong

Kambani yedu inonyanya kugadzirisazvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki, tave tichibata nezvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki kwemakore makumi maviri nematatu, uye ruzivo rwedu rwakakwana